What part of the brain is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?

The part of the brain responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing is the brainstem. This structure links the brain to the spinal cord and contains vital centers that control autonomic functions essential for survival. Specifically, the medulla oblongata, which is part of the brainstem, plays a pivotal role in managing cardiovascular and respiratory functions. It monitors the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and adjusts the rate and depth of breathing accordingly. Additionally, the brainstem is involved in the regulation of heart rate through the autonomic nervous system, affecting the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.

The cerebrum, while it is involved in many higher functions such as thought and voluntary movement, does not directly control autonomic processes like heartbeat and respiration. The cerebellum primarily coordinates motor control and balance rather than managing vital functions. The hypothalamus also plays a significant role in regulating various bodily functions, including temperature and hunger, but it does not directly control heartbeat and breathing like the brainstem does.